Waste Reduction Through Material and Process Substitutions: Progress and Problems Encountered in Industrial Implementation

This a r t i c l e p re sen t s e leven examples of success fu l m a t e r i a l and process s u b s t i t u t i o n s i n the fo l lowing a reas : (1) replacement of ch lo r ina t ed , c a u s t i c , o r a c i d i c c l eane r s and degrease r s ; (2) replacement of t o x i c metals; and . ( 3 ) replacement of organic-based inks , p a i n t s , and so lven t s with water-based s u b s t i t u t e s . Using these example c a s e s , ou t both t e c h n i c a l and r egu la to ry c o n s t r a i n t s t o t h e development of e f f e c t i v e s u b s t i t u t e s a r e d iscussed . F i n a l l y , ways a re suggested t o s t i m u l a t e r e sea rch and development t o expand the u t i l i z a t i o n of t hese a l t e r n a t i v e technologies .